Research has shown that smokers of the dangers of smoking and its proportional to the degree. To quit smoking 10 to 15 people, the risk of life-long non-smokers with similar. Suction cigar, cigarette, pipe and chewing tobacco are in danger of respect no difference.
The geographical distribution of pancreatic cancer research, such as studies on migrants, fully shows that environmental factors, such as diet and carcinogenic effects. Animal experiments proved with pancreatic cancer development. Other cards such as meat and high fever diet, especially high-carbohydrate, dairy products and marine food is also relevant factors. The structure of the high-fiber diet, fruit and fresh vegetables fewer people suffering from pancreatic cancer. Although caffeine drink alcoholic beverages is growing is considered a risk factor, but there are many studies do not support this point of view.

Similarly, many studies do not support diabetes and the relationship between pancreatic cancer, although some forward-looking studies have shown that people suffering from diabetes the risk of pancreatic cancer than others or four times higher. Pancreatic cancer has been found in recent years confirm there are several months before onset diabetes, found that doctors may advise against non-diabetic middle-aged family history of early pancreatic cancer patients to consider the possibility.

And pancreatic cancer is related to occupational chemicals and metal contacts work, researchers think that with β - naphthylamine and benzene-related work in the factories of men suffering from pancreatic cancer have a high risk.

Pancreatic cancer genetic factors have not been clearly confirmed, but there are also families incidence report. Recent studies that have close relatives in the malignant pancreatic tumor prevalence higher risk.

Under 40 years of age were suffering from pancreatic cancer rarely, the average age was 63 years old sick, men slightly higher than women. Pancreatic cancer mortality and incidence rates almost unanimously, the five-year survival rate is very low, and almost all have undergone surgery. Not for treatment of pancreatic cancer patient’s survival period of about four months, receiving bypass surgery for patients survival time of about seven months, after surgery patients generally survive 16 months. According to the latest statistics, 20 percent of patients survive a period of 1 year, 3% of the patients survival period is five years.

Using rats (Diazo acetyl serine), the Syrian hamster (N-nitroso bis [2 - oxygen propane] amine or amine BOP), and guinea pigs (methyl-nitrosourea) reproduction of rodents Tooth animal pancreatic cancer model has been successful. Nitroso complexes Rodent is the most effective carcinogens. Foods containing large number of saturated fat can promote formation of cancer in rats. Cholecystokinin (CCK) or its analogues bombesin peptide cholecystokinin (cerulein) can stimulate secretion in vitro and in vivo experimental animal pancreatic growth. Speculate may be precisely because of the release of CCK, diet rich in soy powder and trypsin inhibitor can be formed to cancer in rats. CCK promote pancreatic juice and intestinal peptide together can stimulate the carcinogenic substances led to pancreatic cancer. Recent experiments will be an artificial pancreas CCK receptor antagonist in the formation of new biological before implantation in rats that can stop Diazo acetyl serine role. This, however, the use of antagonists in clinical needs further study. Lovastatin (Lovastatin) - A cholesterol-lowering drugs, in vitro experiments can inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer.

      Pancreatic carcinoma patients can have on the digestive system disease symptoms, such as nausea, lack of appetite, dislike oils, fats, such as symptoms of diarrhea, eating high-fat and high-protein diet, symptoms increase. When the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and did not have the above symptoms, they should heighten their vigilance and early treatment. As for pancreatic cancer diagnosed, the more attention should meal. Dine to have regularity day three meals to five meals, eat snacks, this would prompt the pancreatic secretion of pancreatic juice constantly, add to the burden of pancreatic function. Meals must be reasonable mix, pay attention to carbohydrate, fat and protein percentage, we should take the main carbohydrate, fat and protein to the appropriate amount to eat to the digestion and absorption of protein, such as lean meat, eggs and fish, it is necessary to adopt reasonable cooking methods to cook, stewing, boil, steam, wandering, boil for a short time and so on, do not use fried, fried, stir-way, and prevent food grease so much that excessive secretion of pancreatic pancreas. , Advanced pancreatic cancer, the symptoms, left upper abdominal pain increased, and obviously suffering from weight loss, patients usually oral diet has no guarantee that the body needs, we will have to through intravenous nutrition, to improve the nutritional status of whole body. The opportunity has not been lost surgery patients should try to take a positive approach, through surgery for removal of lesions. After the operation patients according to the situation and surgical diseases of the situation, to determine what the diet. In general, three days after surgery fasting cut water, mainly through intravenous nutrition and the surrounding central venous nutrition to maintain the body’s physiological needs. When the exhaust, may appropriate ate the whole flow of fresh oil as, fruit water or vegetable to stimulate the gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal tract gradually adapted itself to be, under condition to be low-fat or low-fat half - Pu Fresh. If the purposes of the jejunostomy, can be given through the fistula homogenate meals, we should pay attention to giving absorption of food, such as steamed bread, eggs, lean meat, chicken (boneless), fish (to thorns), Cucumber, tomato, rape, spinach, soybean products, and so on, these dishes, reuse organizations broken up-smash, smash the particles according to the appropriate nasal feeding tube diameter sizes to determine, not a word to small coarse to prevent fistula the all Cypriots.

     Although pancreatic cancer is the number one killer, but its difficult early diagnosis and daunting. Beijing Union Medical College Hospital Medicine has just completed digest an important research allows people to fear diminished. The study results show that the joint stool K-ras oncogene and tumor suppressor gene p53 mutation detection, as well as tumor markers CA19-9 test, it is possible early detection of pancreatic cancer. In the recently held directly under the Ministry of Health (tube) units clinical disciplines in the assessment of key projects inspection, the assessment of the study was highly appraised by experts.
     In recent years, the global incidence of pancreatic cancer are increasing year by year. Over the years both at home and abroad no breakthrough in the diagnosis. In patients attending 3 / 4 is already late, the five-year survival rate of less than 5%. If input in the early diagnosis and treatment, the five-year survival rate of 20% to 50%. Therefore, the study of new screening and diagnostic means to improve the early detection rate of pancreatic cancer is the key to conquest.
     With the support of funds from 1997, the Beijing Union Medical College Hospital digestive medicine to land Star team, headed by Professor Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer a comprehensive and in-depth exploration. Their study found that the duodenal cholangiopancreatography has the highest sensitivity and accuracy of the diagnosis; pancreatic cancer multiple oncogenes or tumor suppressor gene and protein anomalies very prominent. In the K-ras, P53 and P16 are two or more abnormal gene for 18 percent to 47 percent, while the absence of such chronic pancreatitis; stool DNA extraction through an improved method will be significantly higher than that reported in literature abroad PCR expansion by success rate. On this basis, the combined application of manure K-ras mutations and P53 mutation detection, diagnosis of pancreatic cancer sensitivity of up to 93.2%, if the above two with the detection of a tumor marker CA19-9 joint testing, diagnostic specificity of up to 85% to 100%; confirmed by surgery and pathology of T1 (tumor confined to the pancreas, there is no lymph node metastases) patients with pancreatic juice and feces K-ras mutation rate and P53 mutation rate and T2 more than similar patients . The aforementioned study, they concluded, the joint stool K-ras, p53 mutation detection and CA19-9 test, it is possible in the early detection of pancreatic cancer.
     It is learned that the experts will carry out the next stage of pancreatic cancer in the high-risk population (aged 45 and above, the new, diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, smoking, family history of cancer) for epidemiological investigation and follow-up to verify their screening method introduced .

     The treatment of this disease should be based on the severity of disease, be selected, in principle, light non-surgical therapy can be used to deal with medical mainly on heavy gallstone pancreatitis and secondary lesions, such as pancreatic abscess, pancreatic cysts, and other pseudo be positive support and surgical treatment to save lives.
     (1) Non-Surgical Treatment
     1. Spasmolysis analgesics (1) pethidine, atropine injection. When severe abdominal pain to be in the application. It is not appropriate use of morphine analgesia alone, the sphincter of Oddi spasm their lead, its combination of atropine may confrontation caused cramps, yielded a good result. (2) Acupuncture Treatment: Body Acupuncture from Yang Ling-chuen, Zusanli, customs within the next giant imaginary, in, etc.. Ear acupuncture from pancreas, biliary District. (3) does not ease the pain, can be 0.1% Merino Qazi by 300 to 500 ml, intravenous drip.
     2. Control diet and gastrointestinal decompression light can flow into a small amount of light juice,fat, irritating food, are required to strictly ban severe diet to reduce or inhibit secretion of pancreatic juice. Illness Shigeatsu or abdominal distension obviously, should visit gastrointestinal decompression may be out of gastric, duodenal stimulation to reduce gastric acid produced in promoting pancreatic juice, cholecystokinin, to reduce the secretion of pancreatic juice, and prevention and treatment of paralytic ileus. Infusion should be fasting period, the added calories, nutrition support. The maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, correct hypocalcemia, low magnesium, acidosis and high blood sugar, etc.. If necessary, given total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to maintain electrolyte and hot water supply cards. Advantages of pancreatic juice can reduce the secretion of digestive tract to rest, compensatory body catabolism.
     3. Antibiotics commonly used penicillin, streptomycin and gentamicin, ampicillin, methyl benzyl penicillin, Pioneer Adriamycin, for the control of anaerobic infections, can be used metronidazole. Because pancreatic hemorrhage and necrosis, the protein product of decomposition is the multiplication of bacteria often a good medium, it was particularly severe in the case as soon as possible and they can play a secondary infection prevention and the prevention of complications.
     4. Trypsin inhibitor used: ① aprotinin (Trasylol), and with anti-vascular ease of pancreatic role. The first volume of 200,000 μ, after 200,000 μ / 6 hours, vein. Or 200,000 μ, 2 times / day, intravenous, linked on the 5th. ② 5 - FU for the cytotoxic drug, can inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, secretion of trypsin reduction of trypsin and phosphoric acid lipase were inhibited A daily 100 ~ 500 mg intravenous, or 250 mg in 5% glucose the infusion of 500 ml, 24 hours can repeat.
     5. Give anticholinergic drug atropine 654-2, scopolamine, Propofol the digoxin to inhibit secretion of pancreatic juice, preferably early repeatedly application. Acid at the same time should be given for a cyanide microphones listening Chat 200 mg, four times / day, aluminum hydroxide gel, and sodium bicarbonate in the gastric acid to oral, inhibit secretion of pancreatic juice. Glucagon inhibited pancreatic exocrine on a certain role, can also be used.
     6. Hormones can cause their application generally do not advocate the use of acute pancreatitis. But with severe pancreatitis shock; obvious symptoms of poisoning, suspected sepsis, or illness suddenly worsened serious breathing difficulties, particularly in adult respiratory distress syndrome; or some tight on the gland cortical dysfunction, should be hydrogen test 500 to 1000 mg, or dexamethasone 20 ~ 40 mg, static, linked 3, suspended by reductions to. Reduce the inflammatory response, reducing capillary permeability and edema.
     7. Treatment: ① Qing Yi Tang No.1: apply to edema pancreatitis, especially suitable for liver Qi stagnation, spleen and stomach hot and humid. Prescription components: Bupleurum 15 g, 9 g, the Hu-Lien 9 g, Hang Shao 15 g, costas 9 g, Yuan Hu 9 g, Health Jun 15 g, mirabilite 9 g  . One day, the fried, served at the second. ② Qing Yi Tang II: apply biliary ascariasis pancreatitis can be Shugan Qi, flooding lumbricoid the lumbricoid. Prescription components: Bupleurum 15 g, baicalin 9 g, Forsythia 9 g, costas 9 g, betel 30 g, the gentlemanly 30 g, hard-dong Paper 30 g, Asarum 3 g, mirabilite 9 g . One day, two fried, served at the second. This applies to the majority of acute pancreatitis, with clinical disease can be modified, TGA, plus two flowers, Forsythia, damp heat of re-plus Chen,  Gentiana. Vomiting-plus Ruddle. Fresh and Semen Raphani plot, coke 0.53, pain Muneko, Yuan Hu cable, plus chest full Magnolol, Zhishi, pain and Gualou, Xiebai, shielding, etc..
     8. Anti-shock: heavy, often a shock early stage, mainly because of the influx of humoral extravasation can cycle of loss 40 percent, it appeared hemorrhagic shock, is the cause of early death, so based on central venous pressure, blood pressure, urine output , hematocrit and electrolyte monitoring, supply balanced salt solution, plasma, fresh whole blood, human albumin, plasma, such as dextran incremental agents and electrolyte solution, in order to restore effective circulating volume and electrolyte balance, it is also necessary to maintain acid alkali balance improvement in the situation, after excluding heart failure induced hypotension, it can boost the application of vasoactive drugs, dopamine is preferred. Furthermore, it should be given broad-spectrum antibiotics and hormones to improve the ability to mobilize the body stress effect. At the same time the protection of renal function, diuretic use, if necessary, to peritoneal dialysis. Respiratory failure, arterial blood gas analysis should be high-flow oxygen, when necessary, will tracheotomy and positive pressure breathing. If cardiac dysfunction should promptly gave tonic. The rescue, should be collaboration with the College of Physicians can be successful.

     In patients with previous history of the statistics, diabetes, gallstones, and peptic ulcer were 20.1%, 7.3%, 7.2% ranked top three. While pancreatic cancer has been considered to be the main incentive for chronic pancreatitis only 3.4 percent. For this result, the presence of many doctors expressed surprise.
     In the treatment of pancreatic cancer, 39.4 percent took resection (1988 compared to an increase of 0.6 percentage points), 33.2% by the non-removal treatment, 21.1 percent were conservative surgery (year-on-year decrease 8.2 percentage points) , 3.5% only implemented a laparotomy (year-on-year decrease of 5.6 percentage points). Because worsening of the illness which has been introduced to the increase in the number of patients is likely to cause a rise in the proportion of non-surgical causes.
     On surgery, 10 years ago, accounted for more than half of the pancreatic duodenal surgery has dropped significantly to 37.9% (year-on-year drop of 20.8 percentage points). In its place is a brand-new pyloric ring pancreatic duodenal surgery. This technique has gradually risen to 26.2 percent, which increasingly see that people tend to choose the importance of improving the QOL in patients with surgical method.

1. The incidence of pancreatic cancer in recent years have significantly increased trend.
2. Pancreatic cancer early without typical clinical manifestations, abdominal pain need to identify many diseases, so prone to misdiagnosis and mistreatment, the misdiagnosis rate in the 35.5% to 87.5%, and often misdiagnosed as cholecystitis ﹑ ﹑ gastrointestinal diseases, such as hepatitis ﹑ pancreatitis.
3. Misprision of pancreatic cancer clinical manifestations, it is not easy early detection, 80% of the patients already advanced when diagnosed, the low rate of surgical resection, about 5% to 15%.
4. Pancreatic cancer can be divided into parts by the anatomy of pancreatic cancer ﹑ ﹑ pancreatic carcinoma of the pancreas tail cancer, the most common pancreatic cancer.
5. CA19-9 is the most hopeful signs in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, the diagnosis rate of 90%.
6. Pancreatic cancer tumors are not sensitive to radiation, local radiotherapy, will enable 30% to 50% of the patients pain relief, and to some extent may inhibit tumor development.
7.70 percent of pancreatic cancer patients increased serum CEA, CEA can be used for pancreatic cancer after surgery before ﹑ the dynamic follow-up regularly on the CEA forecast of cancer recurrence be a valuable reference.
8. Weight loss ﹑ abdominal back pain ﹑ three major symptoms of jaundice is pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer can be oppressive violations of celiac plexus led to violent persistent abdominal pain.
9. Chemotherapy no significant effect on pancreatic cancer, coupled with the lower rate of surgical resection, effective pancreatic cancer-specific anti-cancer therapy is the main treatment, the system effective anticancer drug treatment plant activity will be part of pancreatic cancer patients with long-term survival of .
10 clinicians should strictly control pancreatic cancer surgery and chemotherapy indications indications.
11. Pancreatic cancer apparent abdominal back pain are mostly cancer pain, cancer treatment is effective analgesic premise.

    Although clinical manifestations of malignant lymphoma complicated, but because of the development of modern imaging technology, with lymph node biopsy pathology, immunohistochemistry was carried out technology, stressing the difficulty in diagnosis has been mostly resolved, in the treatment of malignant lymphoma is now belong one of incurable malignancy, only to Chinese medicine treatment of malignant lymphoma smaller proportion.

     One difficulty: how to enhance the level of comprehensive treatment of malignant lymphoma

     Comprehensive treatment of malignant lymphoma, the low level of impact on the quality of life of patients with prognosis and easy to cause a relapse of drug resistance, thereby enhancing the comprehensive treatment of malignant lymphoma in the treatment of malignant lymphoma occupies an extremely important position: First of all it should be pathologic classification and clinical phases or exploratory laparotomy with consideration, thus formulating correct and reasonable treatment plan, in order to diagnosis and staging, when necessary, choose laparotomy, thoracotomy inspection, should pay serious attention to the first treatment and adequate way to consolidate treatment, in the treatment of malignant lymphoma, the first of a very important journey, we must achieve complete remission (CR) in order to extend disease-free survival. In short, in the treatment of early treatment for early diagnosis and early treatment, according to clinical stages and pathological classification of a comprehensive treatment, adequate attention to the dose intensity, the first-edge of CR and then proceed to the consolidation of adequate treatment, thereby improving the survival rate in patients with .

     Chinese medicine in raising the level of comprehensive treatment of malignant lymphoma and reduce radiotherapy and chemotherapy side effects have significant strengths. Clinical available from the following several aspects:

     1. Treatment Enhancement and synergies anticancer
     (1) Lymphoma Qiyinliangxu Syndrome predominant: The Zhengqifuzheng granules, Yiqiyangyin, Bushen effect, can enhance anti-tumor immunity and achieve synergistic anti-tumor effect.
     (2) Lymphoma mainly to blood stasis type: The Second Chen Tonga Chuanxiong, pangolins, xanthate son, and rhubarb, peach kernel, expectorant promoting blood circulation through a synergistic anti-cancer effect.
     2. Treatment of radiotherapy and chemotherapy caused by adverse reactions to the successful completion of the treatment plan
     (1) bone marrow suppression: The Shiquandabu Decoction, synergistic anti-cancer effect and the rise of blood.
     (2) with fever Anemia: The Xiaochaihu Decoction, antipyretic, anti-cancer, or blood role.
     (3) renal damage after chemotherapy: Selection Baishao 9 g, licorice 9 g, Poria 15 g, reduce renal damage, reduce blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine ((i)) role.
     (4) radiotherapy and chemotherapy after the frail, muscle soreness, such as body heat no sweat: The Puerarin 12 g, Ephedra 9 g, Guizhi 6 g, ginger 9 g, zhigancao 6 g, Baishao 6 g, jujube 7, traditional Chinese medicine 6 g.
     Problem number two: how to control the treatment of malignant lymphoma in the process of drug resistance problem recurrence

     Malignant lymphoma drug resistance is a major obstacle to successful chemotherapy. As a result of drug therapy in patients with tumors not sensitive and easily lead to recurrence - reasonable Although chemotherapy can maximize the various cytotoxic drugs, but eventually relented due to drug resistance and failed.

     The mitigation has been made in radiotherapy and chemotherapy patients, long-term use of traditional Chinese medicine or TCM Differential Treatment and response modifier can contribute to drug resistance and the anti-recurrence of malignant lymphoma.

    Malignant lymphoma is actually a systemic disease, and immune system function is closely related, is different from other entities lymphoid malignant tumor, but also distinct from blood cancer. It includes a disease Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma a group of diseases, clinical manifestations because of pathological type, stage and location of different and complex in nature.

     Treatment current use of combined therapy, which is different tumor types and different pathological subtype, different biologic behavior, in different phases and development trends, the different body organs of the state and important function in a planned and rational application all existing treatment, with a view to minimizing the protection of the body and maximize kill tumor cells to improve the cure rate, improve the quality of life purposes. The current commonly used in the treatment of malignant lymphoma means including surgical resection, radiotherapy (radiotherapy), the chemical treatment (chemotherapy), Chinese medicine, biological response modifier (BRM). Surgery combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma or a higher cure rate of remission rate, Chinese medicine is to enhance and restore immune function, the ability to mobilize resistance, reducing the body of radiotherapy and chemotherapy-induced adverse reactions play a synergistic Attenuated role.

     1, in colorectal surgery for patients with malignant lymphoma, mainly used for surgery or biopsy for the trip pathological staging of laparotomy. As for the original, in the brain, spinal cord, eyes, salivary glands, thyroid, lung, liver, spleen and other places, the end of malignant lymphoma often first make surgical resection, supplemented by radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy. The primary kidney, bladder, testicular, ovarian, uterine, skin, breast and other places, the malignant lymphoma to early surgical resection and postoperative supplemented by chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy.

     2, radiotherapy

     (1) Hodgkin’s disease: effects of radiotherapy and more lymph sarcoma cell sarcoma mesh better irradiation method “mantle” or inverted “Y” - type radiation field application more. General four weeks in about 4000 cGy to organizations, treatment to protect vital organs, skin reaction light, there will be the bone marrow suppression.

     (2) non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (lymph sarcoma and reticular cell sarcoma): non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is sensitive to radiotherapy, but the high recurrence rate. So only low grade of the group I, II and moderate pathological stage I malignant group can be used alone or radiotherapy only involved expanding wild wild. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the primary lesions such as tonsillectomy, the nasopharynx or primary cells in the bone of the organization, local radiotherapy can be more satisfied with the long-term remission.

     3, chemical treatment

     4, immune therapy for malignant lymphoma, immunotherapy can be used as adjuvant therapy methods.

     5, autologous bone marrow transplantation following the 50-year-old patients can tolerate high-dose radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the treatment, combining different gene or autologous bone marrow transplantation, is expected to make a longer remission period and the disease-free survival.

    Most of the first violations of malignant lymphoma superficial and / or mediastinal and retroperitoneal, and mesenteric lymph nodes, in the minority can be the primary extranodal organs.

     More patients in the early performance as painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, the other part of the future also be found. The lymph nodes from soybeans to date, medium hardness, tenacity, uniformity, fullness. General and skin adhesion, in the early and mid-non-fusion, activities. By late can grow to large lymph nodes. Can convergence.

     Mediastinal site is a good one, the mediastinal lymph node involvement, it could be a single lymph node swelling, and can also be integrated into a number of giant lymph node block, and dips with the outer edge, violations of unilateral or bilateral mediastinum, the latter more common.

     Primary malignant lymphoma of the liver rare. Following the law violated the liver is not uncommon. Some patients can hepatosplenomegaly as the first symptom. Lymph node involvement is the longest outside the site. But most of these patients had no obvious abnormality.

     Malignant lymphoma about 2 percent can occur in the lungs showed lung field in the border points clear round or lobulated shadow of subjective symptoms in patients with very few. Some patients may be violations of hilar or mediastinal lymph node, it seldom has the superior vena cava or mediastinal oppression levy muscle paralysis, the prognosis is better treatment. Violations of the lungs by the mediastinal lymphoma near the hilar more often together into one, can be unilateral or bilateral, accompanied trachea and adjacent lymph nodes, but also easy to cause symptoms of oppression, the better prognosis in primary pulmonary cases.

     Malignant lymphoma in the small intestine surgery, more than 50 per cent to a mesenteric lymph node involvement, such as the large intestine tumors, ulcers, multiple and violations of lymph nodes are poor prognosis. Malignant lymphoma intestinal submucosa from the lymphoid follicles, transgression and mucosal layer inward, outward up myometrium. As mucosal and submucosal tumor tissue myometrial invasion is normal mucosal folds flat disappeared change. Bowel wall thickening, rigidity, or even wiggle disappear.

     1. Virus infection of some animals have proved to be virus-induced lymphoma, that human lymphoma and proliferative diseases related to HIV infection.

     2. Immunodeficiency animal experiments proved that animals thymectomy lymphatic or anti-serum, the cells of poisons, radiation can be so long-term immune function in the lower state, the high incidence of tumors.

     3. Other factors lymphoma accompanied chromosomal abnormalities, such as Hodgkin’s disease commonly found three or tetraploid, Burkitt lymphoma and follicular lymphoma often T (14:18), and other chromosome changes. Drugs and the relationship between lymphoma have initially been confirmed.